Publication record · 18.cifr/1991.ekert.e91-qkd

Quantum cryptography based on Bell's theorem

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Artur K. Ekert (University of Oxford)

RAI18.cifr/1991.ekert.e91-qkd

Physical Review Letters· 1991· doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.661

A novel system for quantum cryptography is presented, which is based on pairs of particles prepared in entangled quantum states. The security of the key distribution is guaranteed by the fact that any eavesdropping attempt would reduce violations of Bell's inequalities.

quantum cryptographyBell inequalitiesquantum entanglementEPR pairskey distribution

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Classical key distribution requires pre-shared secrets or trusted intermediaries. BB84 improved this but lacked a direct, quantifiable security test. E91 provides communicating parties an in-band eavesdropping detection mechanism via Bell inequality checks.

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E91 is the first QKD protocol grounded in quantum entanglement and Bell's theorem. Security is certified by CHSH inequality violation: any eavesdropper reduces |S| below 2√2, providing an in-band, testable eavesdropping witness rather than relying on no-cloning alone.

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