Publication record · 18.cifr/2012.fowler.surface-code-threshold

Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum computation

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Austin G. Fowler (University of California Santa Barbara), Matteo Mariantoni (University of California Santa Barbara), John M. Martinis (University of California Santa Barbara), Andrew N. Cleland (University of California Santa Barbara)

RAI18.cifr/2012.fowler.surface-code-threshold

Physical Review A· 2012· doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.86.032324

We give an overview of the quantum computation approach based on surface codes, giving the required background on quantum error correction, the surface code, and the minimum-weight perfect matching decoding algorithm. We outline a realistic architecture for implementing large-scale quantum computation and describe the resource overheads required.

surface codesquantum error correctionfault-tolerant quantum computationminimum-weight perfect matchingdepolarizing noisethreshold

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Practitioners lacked a unified reference translating abstract surface code theory into concrete qubit layouts, gate sequences, and decoder algorithms. Fowler et al. bridge the engineering gap between theoretical thresholds and experimentally realizable quantum error correction, providing resource overhead estimates needed to assess quantum advantage feasibility.

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This paper provides a comprehensive end-to-end blueprint for surface-code quantum error correction on realistic hardware, including explicit gate sequences, MWPM decoder specifications, magic state distillation overhead, and a ~1% per-gate threshold achievable with superconducting qubits. It unifies fault-tolerant gate synthesis, logical qubit layout, and practical decoder implementation into a single reference framework.

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