Publication record · 18.cifr/1995.shor.quantum-error-correction
18.cifr/1995.shor.quantum-error-correctionWe describe a method for reducing the effects of decoherence in quantum computer memory. This method encodes the state of one two-state quantum system (qubit) in a highly entangled state of nine two-state quantum systems, in such a way that if one of the nine systems is perturbed by the environment, the original quantum state can still be recovered.
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More efficient codes using fewer physical qubits were an open direction, quickly realized by the 7-qubit Steane code and general stabilizer code theory. The threshold theorem — whether fault-tolerant computation is possible when correction gates are themselves noisy — remained open and was proved shortly after. Practical syndrome extraction without ancilla noise remains an active engineering problem.